Determination of polonium - 210 (210Po) in food and water: a review (2014-2019)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32685/2590-7468/invapnuclear.5.2021.592Keywords:
Polonium-210, Food, Water, Radioactive elements
Downloads
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Published
Abstract
Polonium-210 (210Po) is one of the radionuclides of greatest concern due to its cardiotoxicity. Most of the 210Po found in our environment occurs naturally and its environmental distribution is the result of two main processes: 1) the release of radon-222 (222Rn) from the earth’s crust and 2) the dissolution of radium- 226 (226Ra) in water sources, both dynamic environmental matrices that contribute to the dispersion of radioisotopes and anthropogenic processes such as phosphate industries, uranium mining and coal exploitation, responsible for the release of 210Po in aquifers. It is important to recognize that this radioisotope can be distributed through trophic networks, since it is present in various foods and in water. To expand this information, a bibliographic review was carried out, following the PRISMA methodology, and it was found that there are several studies, especially in European countries. In America, it is observed that the only countries that have carried out investigations in this regard are Brazil, Canada and the United States. In Colombia, Instituto de Asuntos Nucleares, Servicio Geológico Colombiano and Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín campus, have developed studies, but there are no publications on this subject in the databases and for the period 2014-2019. During the review, different methodologies were found for the preparation of samples and analysis of 210Po in food and water, therefore, a methodology was developed that would bring together the most economical and reliable methods for future experimental research. It is concluded that it is important to monitor food for the determination and quantification of radioactive elements, because, according to the experimental data reported in the reviewed articles, the effective dose of 210Po provided by food can cause damage to health, especially from seafood.
References
R. Chauhan y A. Kumar, “Soil to plant transfer of alpha activity in potato plants: impact of phosphate fertilizers”, Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, vol. 13, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40201-015-0200-4
G. Bjorklund, A. Christophersen, S. Chirumbolo, O. Selinus y J. Aaseth, “Recent aspects of uranium toxicology in medical geology”, Environmental Research, n.° 156, pp. 526-533, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.04.010
J. Guzmán, Nucleonica básica, Bogotá: Instituto de Asuntos Nucleares, pp. 30-60, 1989.
S. Annamalai, K. Arunachalam y R. Selvaraj, “Natural radionuclide dose and lifetime cancer risk due to ingestion of fish and water from freshwater reservoirs near the proposed uranium mining site”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, n.° 24, pp. 15427-15443, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9111-5
R. Seiler, “210Po in drinking water, its potential health effects, and inadequacy of the gross alpha activity MCL”, Science of The Total Environment, vol. 568, pp. 526-532, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.044
B. Dickson y K. Scott, “Interpretation of aerial gamma- ray surveys-adding the geochemical factors”, AGSO Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics, n.° 17, pp. 187-200, 1997.
N. R. Barbosa, “Presencia de polonio-210 (210Po) en alimentos y agua potable: una revisión”, tesis de pregrado, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, 2019.
M. Ahmed, L. Alam, C. Mohamed, M. Mokhtar y G. Ta, “Health Risk of Polonium 210 Ingestion via Drinking Water: An Experience of Malaysia”, Journal of Environmental and Public Health, vol. 15, n.° 10, pp. 456-468. 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102056
I. Díaz, “El polonio 210 en la cadena alimenticia humana”, Rev. Radio Protección, vol. 18, pp. 42-50. 2018.
J. Aparecida, R. Garcia, D. Banotto, I. Díaz y J. Motta, “Natural radionuclides in plants, soils and sediments affected by U-rich coal mining activities in Brazil”, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, vol. 177, pp. 37-47, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.06.001
UNSCEAR, Sources and effects of ionizing radiation, Nueva York: United Nations, vol. 1, pp. 1-18, 2008.
M. M. Spencer-Lopes, B. P. Forster y L. Jankuloski, Eds., Manual on Mutation Breeding, 3.a ed. Viena: FAO/IAEA, 2018.
R. Gjelsvik, E. Holm, J. Kalas, B. Persson y J. Asbrink, “Polonium-210 and Cesium-137 in lynx (Lynx lynx), wolverine (Gulo gulo) and wolves (Canis lupus)”, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, vol. 138, pp. 1-8, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.02.026
A. Porras y J. Diaz, “The uranium as an energetic resource and its currently mining in Colombia”, DYNA, vol. 86, n.° 208, pp. 362-367, 2019.
J. Bueno, Yacimientos de uranio y otros metales en la región de La Baja, Municipio de California, Departamento de Santander, Boletín Geológico, vol. 3, n.° 3, pp. 1-116, 1955.
G. Prieto, C. L. Guatame y S. C. Cárdenas, comps. Recursos minerales de Colombia, vol. 1. Bogotá: Servicio Geológico Colombiano, 2019.
A. Benes y E. Gadea, Reglamento de protección sanitaria contra radiaciones ionizantes. Madrid: Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales España, 2001.
G. Urrutia y X. Bonfill, “PRISMA declaration: A proposal to improve the publication of systematic reviews and meta-analyses”, Medicina Clínica, vol. 135, pp. 507-511, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2010.01.015
IAEA, “Japan’s Reports on Conditions at TEPCO’s Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station”, 2016, Jun 3. Disponible en https://www.iaea.org/newscenter
K. Feroz, W. Godwin y M. Rajan, “Polonium-210 in marine mussels (bivalve molluscs) inhabiting the southern coast of India”, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 138, pp. 410-416, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.06.023
E. Kavitha y L. Paramesh, “Estimation of U, 226Ra, and 210Po Concentrations in Cauvery River Basin, South Interior Karnataka Region, India”, Radiochemistry, vol. 60, pp. 92-99, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1066362218010149
C. Bouvier, E. Bonthonneau, F. Dadache y F. Rebiere, “An alternative procedure for uranium analysis in drinking water using AQUALIX columns: Application to varied French bottled waters”, Talanta, vol. 118, pp. 180-185, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2013.10.010
M. Walsh, G. Wallner y P. Jennings, “Radioactivity in drinking water supplies in Western Australia”, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, vol. 130, pp. 56-62, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.12.016
Organización Mundial de la Salud, Guías para la calidad del agua potable [recurso electrónico]: incluye el primer apéndice. vol. 1: Recomendaciones. Tercera edición, pp. 173-182. https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq3_es_9_fig.pdf
E. Fonollosa, A. Peñalver, C. Aguilar y F. Borrull, “Polonium- 210 levels in different environmental samples”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 22, n.° 24, pp. 20032-20040, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5158-3
I. Sekudewicz y M. Gasiorowski, “Determination of the activity and the average annual dose of absorbed uranium and polonium in drinking water from Warsaw”, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 319, pp. 1351-1358, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-018-6351-x
T. Tran et al. “Estimation of radionuclide concentrations and average annual committed effective dose due to ingestion for the population in the Red River Delta, Vietnam”, Environmental Management, vol. 63, pp. 444-454, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-018-1007-8
J. Faganeli, I. Falnoga, L. Benedik, Z. Jeran y K. Klun, “Accumulation of 210Po in coastal waters (Gulf of Trieste, northern Adriatic Sea)”, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, vol. 174, pp. 38-44, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.07.018
E. Aslan et al., “An investigation on the seasonal variations of the biomarkers of oxidative stress response and their correlations to Polonium-210 in mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and common sole (Solea solea) from İzmir Bay, Turkey”, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, vol. 189, pp. 103-108, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.03.018
Ö. Kılıç, M. Belivermiş, O. Gönülal, N. Sezer y F. P. Carvalho, “210Po and 210Pb in fish from northern Aegean Sea and radiation dose to fish consumers”, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 318, n.° 2, pp. 1189-1199, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-018-6216-3
A. Tejera, L. Pérez, G. Guerra, A. C. Arriola-Velásquez, H. Alonso, M. A. Arnedo, G. Rubiano y P. Martel, “Natural radioactivity in algae arrivals on the Canary coast and dosimetry assessment”, Science of The Total Environment, vol. 658, pp. 122-131, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.140
V. Peña, “Método de evaluación de dosis por ingestión de polonio, bismuto y plomo como materiales radiactivos naturales”, Tesis de maestría, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2011.
S. Uddin, S. Fowler, M. Behbehani y M. Metian, “210Po bioaccumulation and trophic transfer in marine food chains in the northern Arabian Gulf ”, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, vol. 174, pp. 23-29, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.08.021
D. Desideri, M. Meli, C. Roselli, L. Feduzi y L. Ugolini, “210Po bioaccessibility assessment in algae for human consumption: An in vitro gastrointestinal digestion method”, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, vol. 80, n.° 4, pp. 230-235, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2017.1285733
D. Desideri et al., “Assessment of radioactivity in Italian baby food”, Food Chemistry, vol. 279, pp. 1-27, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.030
N. Tzvetana y T. Zornitza, “90Sr, 210Pb, 210Po and 222Ra isotopes in marine macroalgae and mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis from the Bulgarian Black Sea zone”, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 307, n.° 2, pp. 1183-1194, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-015-4502-x
P. Chauhan y R. Chauhan, “Measurement of fertilizers induced radioactivity in tobacco plants and elemental analysis using ICAP–AES”, Radiation Measurements, vol. 63, pp. 6-11, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2014.02.006
M. Al-Masri, Y. Amin, S. Ibrahim y M. Nassri, “Transfer of 210Po, 210Pb and 238U from some medicinal plants to them essential oils”, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, vol. 141, pp. 51-56, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.11.021
E. Rodríguez, M. McLaughlin y D. Pennock, Soil Pollution: a hidden reality, Roma: FAO, 2018.
R. Mingote y R. Nogueira, “The use of statistical methods for censored data to evaluate the activity concentration of Po-210 in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, vols. 162-163, pp. 160-165, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.05.018
FAO, Proceedings of the Global Symposium on Soil Pollution. Roma, 2018.
V. Taavi, J. Loosaar, F. Gyakwaa et al., “Pb-210 and Po- 210 atmospheric releases via fly ash from oil shale-fired power plants”, Environmental Pollution, vol. 222, pp. 210- 218, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.054
O. Samad, M. Aoun, B. Nsouli, G. Khalaf y M. Hamze, “Investigation of the radiological impact on the coastal environment surrounding a fertilizer plant”, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, vol. 133, pp. 69-74, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.05.009
D. Strumińska-Parulska y G. Olszewski, “Is ecological food also radioecological? – Po and Pb studies”, Chemosphere, vol. 191, pp. 190-195, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.051
K. Szymańska, D. Strumińska-Parulska y J. Falandysz, “Isotopes of 210Po and 210Pb in Hazel bolete (Leccinellum pseudoscabrum) bioconcentration, distribution and related dose assessment”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 26, pp. 904-912, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05376-8
J. Galhardi, R. García, D. Bonotto, I. Díaz y J. Motta, “Natural radionuclides in plants, soils and sediments affected by Urich coal mining activities in Brazil”, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, vol. 177, pp. 37-47, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.06.001
G. Olszewski et al., “On the extraction efficiency of highly radiotoxic 210Po in Polish herbal teas and possible related dose assessment”, Microchemical Journal, vol. 144, pp. 431- 435, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2018.10.005
M. Bakım y A. Gorgun, “Radioactivity in soils and some terrestrial foodstuffs from organic and conventional farming areas in Izmir, Turkey”, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 306, n.° 1, pp. 237-242, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-015-4009-5
E. Puchkova y O. Bogdanova, “210Ро in black and green teas”, Radiochemistry, vol. 58, n.° 1, pp. 98-105, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1066362216010161
J. Godoy et al., “210Po and 210Pb content of marine birds from Southeastern Brazil”, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, vol. 135, pp. 108-112, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.04.008
T. Ciesielski, M. Góral, P. Szefer, B. M. Jenssen y R. Bojanowski, “137Cs, 40K and 210Po in marine mammals from the southern Baltic Sea”, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 101, n.° 1, pp. 81-88, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.052
A. Walencik-Łata et al., “The study of natural and artificial radionuclides incorporation in teeth and head bones of animals lived nearby Caetite uranium mine, Brazil”, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, vols. 162-163, pp. 39- 44, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.04.037
R. K. Prabhath, S. R. Sreejith, M. G. Nair, D. D. Rao y K. S. Pradeepkumar, “Determination of 210Po concentration in commercially available infant formulae and assessment of daily ingestion dose”, Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, vol. 8, n.° 3, pp. 470-476, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2015.05.002
M. Lima, C. Alves y J. Sanjurjo, “Gamma radiation in rocks used as building materials: The Braga granite (Nw Portugal)”, Cadernos do Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe. Revista de Xeoloxía Galega e do Hercínico Peninsular, vol. 38, pp 79- 92, 2015. https://doi.org/10.17979/cadlaxe.2015.38.0.3684
M. Trdin y L. Benedik, “Uranium, polonium and thorium in infant formulas (powder milk) and assessment of a cumulative ingestion dose”, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, vol. 64, pp. 198-202, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2017.09.005
A. Borylo, G. Romańczyk, J. Wieczorek, D. Strumińska- Parulska y M. Kaczor, “Radioactivity of honey from northern Poland”, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 319, n.° 1, pp. 289-296, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-018-6343-x
R. Sivakumar, “An assessment of the 210Po ingestion dose due to the consumption of agricultural, marine, fresh water and forest foodstuffs in Gudalore (India)”, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, vol. 137, pp. 96-104, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.06.019
S. Hurtado, J. Bermúdez y M. Villa, “A sequential determination of 90Sr and 210Po in food samples”, Food Chemistry, vol. 229, pp. 159-164, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.02.077
F. Carvalho, J. Oliveira y M. Malta, “Intake of Radionuclides with the Diet in Uranium Mining Areas”, Procedia Earth and Planetary Science, vol. 8, pp. 43-47, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeps.2014.05.010
D. Strumińska-Parulska, K. Szymańska, G. Krasińska, B. Skwarzec y J. Falandysz, “Determination of 210Po and 210Pb in red-capped scaber (Leccinum aurantiacum): bioconcentration and possible related dose assessment”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 23, pp. 22603-22613, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7473-8
J. Chen, W. Zhang, B. Sadi, X. Wang y D. C. G. Muir, “Activity concentration measurements of sellected radionuclides in seals from Canadian Arctic”, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, vol. 169-170, pp. 48-55, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.12.015
E. Strady et al., “210Po and 210Pb trophic transfer within the phytoplankton-zooplankton-anchovy/sardine food web: a case study from the Gulf of Lion (NW Mediterranean Sea)”, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, pp. 141-151, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.02.019
C. Henricsson, Y. Ranebo, M. Hansson, C. L. Rääf y E. Holm, “A boikinetic study of 209Po in man”, Science of The Total Environment, vol. 437, pp. 384-389, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.080
K. Stark et al., “Dose assessment in environmental radiological protection: State of the art and perspectives”, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, vols. 175-176, pp. 105- 114, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.05.001
